GENERAL  FREMONT; 


AND     THE 


INJUSTICE     DONE     HIM 


BY 


Politicians  and  Envious  Military  Men. 


GENERAL  FREMONT, 


AND 


THE  INJUSTICE   DONE  HIM 


BY 


POLITICIANS  AND  ENVIOUS  MILITARY  MEN. 


BY  W.  BROTHERHEAD, 


AUTHOR    OF    THE    BOOK    OF    THE    SIGNERS,    ETC. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

W.  BROTHERHEAD,  213  SOUTH  EIGHTH  STREET. 
1862. 


GENERAL   FREMONT, 


AND    THE 


INJUSTICE   DONE    HIM    BY   POLITICIANS,   AND 
ENVIOUS   MILITARY  MEN. 


The  writer  of  the  following  remarks  on  Gen.  Fremont,  has  never  seen 
him,  nor  corresponded  in  any  manner  with  him,  or  any  of  his  military 
friends.     This  offering  is  made  at  the  altar  of  truth  and  patriotism,  in 
behalf  of  a  man  who  has  suffered  silently  and  nobly  in  a  cause  worthy 
of  the  highest  admiration  and  respect.     The  history  of  the  revolutions 
of  the  world,  shows  us  that  in  nearly  every  case  a  great  man  has  arisen, 
who  has  been  the  leader,  and  through  his  influence  the  revolution  has 
progressed.     This  revolution  in  many  respects  has  no  parallel.    The 
South  which  rebels,  has  not  produced  either  a  Cromwell  or  a  Napoleon  ; 
intellect  in  the  aggregate  governs;  not  one  mind  seems  to  tower  above 
another  and  bend  all  things  to  its  will.     In  the  absence  of  powers  like 
those  that  a  Cromwell  possessed,  when  he  overthrew  Charles;  or  the 
cruel  tyranny  of  a  Robespierre  that  made  dark  the  page  of  history  with 
blood;  or  the  matchless  genius  of  a  Napoleon  that  made  Europe  bow  to 
his  mandates;  no  revolution  as  gigantic  as  this  can  succeed.     There 
must  be  a  mind  that  has  the  power  to  grasp  all  causes  that  are  operating 
and  floating  about  the  chaotic  political  atmosphere;  and  it  must  have 
power  to  mould  and  form  everything  to  its  wants:  and  a  power  above 
all  to  execute  quick  and  brilliant  deeds.     Such  a  mind  must  stand  out 
in  bold  relief.     The  people  will  always  look  to  it  as  the  benighted  sailor 
does  to  the  North  Star,  when  he  has  lost  his  compass  in  the  midst  of 
the  vasty  deep ;  in  it  all  hope  should  be  centered ;  and  obedience  to  its 
commands  will  always  follow. 

Such  a  man  has  not  yet  showed  himself  on  either  the  Federal  side, 
or  the  Rebel  side.  JefF  Davis  though  at  the  head  of  the  Rebels  form 
ally,  it  is  well  known  that  he  was  not  the  originator  of  the  Rebellion ; 
but  only  a  follower  at  the  call  of  South  Carolina.  Though  he  is  a 
shrewd  cunning  man,  lacks  talents  requisite  to  become  a  popular  leader. 
His  messages  are  witten  in  a  terse  and  business-like  style ;  yet  they  lack 


4 

soul,  unction,  the  power  that  takes  captive  the  sympathies  of  a  nation. 
The  people  of  the  South  are  brave  and  chivalrous;  but  being  without  a 
leader  in  whom  they  have  all  confidence  and* would  follow  to  the  death, 
they  are  likely  to  fall,  arid  very  soon,  before  a  foe  worthy  of  their  steel, 
and  fly  anywhere  for  safety.  But  while  the  South  are  fighting  without 
a  leader  equal  for  the  occasion,  we  in  the  North  are  more  deficient  than 
the  South.  Our  President  is  a  plain',  honest,  unostentatious  man,  and 
never  expected  to  be  drawn  from  the  rural  haunts  of  Springfield.  If 
honesty  and  integrity  will  see  this  Rebellion  put  down,  President 
Lincoln  will  succeed  in  a  high  degree.  But  while  we  admire  such 
good  qualities  we  are  free  to  confess  that  they  will  not  carry  us  through 
this  Rebellion  alone. 

We  must  not  only  have  an  honest  man  that  tries  to  do  all  he  can  for 
the  good  of  the  country;  but  we  must  have  a  man  placed  and  retained 
in  such  a  position  as  Major  General  Fremont  was,  when  in  command 
of  the  Missouri  Department;  who  not  only  follows  public  opinion,  but 
initiates  public  policy  as  he  has  done  so  far  nobly  and  well. 

When  Gen.  Fremont  took  the  command  of  the  Department  of  the 
West,  it  is  well  known  everything  was  in  a  chaotic  state.  Floyd  and 
the  other  thieves  had  managed  to  steal  all  our  arms — our  ships  were  in 
distant  seas — a  great  portion  of  our  too  small  army  were  at  Utah  and 
California.  The  traitor  Gen.  Twiggs,  broke  up  our  army  in  Texas. 
The  South  having  most  of  the  officers  in  both  Army  and  Navy,  demoral 
ized  both  by  resignations,  and  in  many  cases,  attempted  to  influence 
others  who  were  loyal,  and  producing  a  state  of  affairs  never  equaled 
under  the  circumstances.  When  this  state  of  affairs  is  considered,  and  also 
our  disaster  at  Bull's  Run,  caused  in  a  great  degree  by  the  mistaken  or 
misunderstood  policy  of  Gen.  Patterson;  how  marvelous  it  now  seems 
that  an  organized  army  of  over  600,000  should  have  arisen  of  such  av 
chaotic  mass  in  such  a  short  time  as  nine  months!  When  Gen.  Fre 
mont  took  possession  of  the  Western  Department,  he  had  no  arms  for  his 
men,  none  for  a  time  could  be  bought  at  any  price,  but  they  commenced 
to  come  in  slowly  from  Europe — men  were  engaged  in  selling  them 
who  had  more  selfishness  than  patriotism — but  arms  must  be  had  for 
Fremont's  army,  the  city  of  St.  Louis  was  in  danger,  and  for  it  to  be  in 
possession  of  the  Rebels,  it  would  virtually  have  lost  us  the  Union,  or, 
if  not  lost  it,  it  would  cost  additional  millions  of  dollars  to  have  been  re 
captured.  Fremont  saw  this;  he  knew  the  cost  of  arms  in  Europe; 
he  had  only  just  arrived  from  there  and  had  made  some  purchases  for 
the  Government;  but  he  saw  two  evils,  either  arms  must  be  had  at  any 
price,  or  St.  Louis  would  be  lost.  Which  of  the  two  evils  were  to  be 


avoided.  He  chose  the  less,  St.  Louis  must  be  saved  at  any  price ;  the 
arms  were  bought  at  no  great  advance  after  all  in  prices;  the  army  be 
gan  to  assume  an  organization ;  he  built  barracks,  organized  his  army, 
built  fortifications  around  St.  Louis  so  that  a  few  men  could  defend  it 
when  it  was  time  to  move  the  Grand  Army.  He  issued  contracts  to 
build  iron-clad  gun  boats,  and  a  new  style  of  mortar  boats  was  de 
signed  by  him ;  all  these  contracts  were  to  be  done  by  the  first  of  De 
cember,  ready  to  move  the  Grand  Array  down  the  Mississippi,  Tennes 
see  and  Cumberland  rivers.  What  was  to  be  done  in  the  meantime? 
The  brave  Lyon  and  skillful  Siegel  had  gone  to  Springfield  to  protect 
the  Union  people  from  the  attacks  of  the  marauding  Gen.  Price.  Our 
brave  little  army  attacked  Price's  army,  which  outnumbered  ours  four 
to  one,  and  Lyon  fell  a  victim  to  the  Union  cause.  Here  on  this  point 
has  been  a  great  deal  of  discussion,  Fremont  has  been  and  is  yet  freely 
censured  for  the  death  of  Lyon;  but  in  absence  of  Fremont's  vindication, 
all  that  at  present  can  be  said,  is,  that  only  a  few  days  ago  the  Commit 
tee  for  the  investigation  of  the  charges  against  Gen.  Fremont,  of  which 
Senator  Benjamin  Wade,  of  Ohio,  was  Chairman,  represented  to  Secre 
tary  Stanton,  that  not  a  single  charge  had  been  proven  against  him,  and 
also  that  they  demonstrated  to  him  that  the  original  plans  of  Fremont 
were  to  send  expeditions  on  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers, 
make  his  way  down  to  Memphis,  open  the  cotton  ports  and  afterwards 
go  down  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans. 

Such  a  statement  from  such  a  high  source  is  certainly  worthy  of  far 
more  credence  than  the  lies  and  gossip  of  newspapers  who  have  left  no 
means  untried  to  defame  Fremont's  character.  This  same  statement 
also  destroys  the  allegations  made  against  him  in  relation  to  Col.  Mulli 
gan's  surrender  at  Lexington.  Having  replied  as  we  think  satisfactorily 
to  the  charges  of  Lyon's  death  and  Mulligan's  surrender,  so  far  at  least 
as  evidence  has  been  printed,  we  now  come  to  him  when  he  takes  the 
field  in  person  to  destroy  Price's  army.  The  fortifications  at  St.  Louis 
were  progressing  satisfactorily — it  would  be  some  months  before  the 
gun  boats  and  mortar  boats  would  be  ready;  in  the  meantime  Price 
was  overrunning  the  prairies  and  driving  the  Union  men  away,  destroy 
ing  their  property  and  their  lives.  Gen.  Fremont,  who  is  a  man  of  action 
and  who  will  hurt  somebody  if  they  do  not  move  on— saw  that  some 
thing  must  be  done  to  relieve  our  people— determined  at  once  that  he 
would  march  in  person  with  30,000  men  and  drive  Price  out  of  Missouri 
and  disband  his  Rebel  Army.  The  matter  was  no  sooner  decided  on 
than  action  commenced;  at  once  Gens.  Siegel,  Asboth,  Hunter,  Sturgis, 
and  McKinstry,  were  each  ordered  to  report  themselves  and  be  ready 


for  action.  The  different  divisions  were  organized,  Fremont's  body 
guard  which  numbered  400  men  at  the  head  of  which  was  the  brave 
Major  Zagonyi.  Instructions  were  given  to  each  General  as  to  the  route 
he  was  to  take,  and  concentrate  as  nearly  as  possible  at  one  time  at 
Springfield.  The  march  was  onward  and  no  fighting  of  any  kind  took 
place  until  the  body  guard  of  Fremont  got  within  a  short  distance  of 
Springfield.  In  the  meantime  the  political  enemies  of  Fremont  began 
to  see  that  he  had  thrown  red  tape  aside  and  was  evidently  bent  on  mis 
chief  to  the  enemy.  F.  Blair  and  his  coteries  began  to  bring  charges  of 
incompetency  against  him,  they  charged  him  with  exclusiveness,  and  not 
being  able  to  gain  admission  to  him  on  business — being  ignorant  at  the 
time  that  Gen.  McClellan  and  in  fact  other  Generals  were  of  necessity 
as  exclusive.  They  stated  that  his  body  guard  were  made  up  of  pomp 
osity  and  show, and  that  he  was  spending  millions  of  dollars  uselessly. 
They  accused  his  body  guard  of  being  made  up  of  broken  down  poli 
ticians,  who  were  robbing  the  government  as  contractors,  and  charged 
with  being  anything  but  fighting  men.  This  body  guard  was  satirized 
by  F.  Blair  &  Co.,  they  being  ignorant  at  that  time  that  Gen.  McClellan 
would  be  subject  to  the  same  censure.  The  hue  and  cry  became  so  fierce 
against  Fremont  that  the  government  sent  out  Secretary  Cameron  and 
Gen.  Thomas  to  see  what  truth  existed  in  the  reports. 

Gen.  Thomas  in  the  absence  of  Fremont,  collected  one  of  the  most 
ex  parte  statements  ever  made  against  any  man.  He  seemed  determined 
to  rake  up  all  the  slum  of  St.  Louis,  in  the  shape  of  Rebels  and  disap 
pointed  contractors,  who  could  not  get  a  chance  to  rob  the  government. 
He  took  their  testimony  and  never  questioned  its  truth,  nor  the  motives 
which  influenced  the  relators.  He  even  was  so  imprudent  as  to  solicit 
Gen.  Hunter,  who  was  then  under  Fremont,  to  give  evidence  against 
his  superior.  And  he,  Hunter,  charged  Fremont  with  military  incapa 
city.  For  such  a  course  as  influencing  or  even  taking  the  evidence  of 
Gen.  Hunter  against  his  superior  in  the  manner  he  did,  Gen.  Thomas 
deserved  a  court  martial;  and  by  military  law  he  should  have  one. 
The  most  serious  charges  against  Fremont's  department,  in  relation  to 
contractors,  were  positively  and  flatly  denied  by  the  persons  whose 
names  were  mentioned.  The  unfair  and  ungenerous  manner  of  attack 
which  Gen.  Thomas  adopted,  is  on  a  par  with  the  midnight  assassin 
who  stabs  you  in  the  dark,  only  it  is  worse  in  this  case,  because  it  pre 
vented  a  fatal  blow  being  struck  at  Price,  and  which  afterwards  was  the 
cause  of  hundreds  of  deaths  taking  place  through  the  agency  of  Rebels, 
and  millions  of  dollars  being  spent;  because  Fremont  was  recalled 
when  he  was  on  the  eve  of  destroying  Price's  army. 
Suffice  it  to  say  that  Blair  &  Co.,  and  his  political  rats,  and  Thomas 


as  an  envious  West  Pointer,  succeeded  in  having  Fremont  recalled. 
Let  us  now  go  back  again  to  Springfield,  where  Fremont  and  his  gallant 
army  had  arrived.  Gen.  Hunter  said  it  was  impossible  for  Fremont  to 
carry  his  army  from  Tipton  to  Springfield,  but  he  did;  he  crossed 
mountains  and  valleys,  forded  the  Osage,  which  it  was  said  was  im 
passible,  and  he  was  with  all  the  generals  of  the  different  divisions, 
waiting  for  Hunter  to  attack  Price,  who  was  at  Wilson's  Creek,  a  dis 
tance  of  12  miles.  The  pickets  were  in  sight  of  each  other,  and  had 
Gen.  Hunter  made  the  same  exertions  with  his  division  as  the  others 
had  done,  Price's  army  it  is  but  fair  to  surmise  would  have  been  dis 
banded.  While  waiting  for  Hunter  to  arrive,  Fremont  received  his 
recall;  he  immediately  called  together  his  officers  and  laid  the  matter 
before  them.  His  command  was  to  be  given  up  to  Hunter,  he  had  not 
arrived,  and  it  was  concluded  as  Hunter  was  not  there  to  take  the  com 
mand,  that  Price  should  be  attacked  in  the  morning.  The  council  of 
war  dissolved  with  jubilant  faces,  expecting  that  morning  would  lead 
them  on  to  victory  or  death.  But  alas  !  that  ominous  Hunter  who  is 
now  killing  Gen.  Jim  Lane,  arrived,  and  Gen.  Fremont,  obedient  to  the 
orders  of  his  chief,  gave  up  his  command  to  Gen.  Hunter,  amid  the  mur 
murs  and  incensed  grief  of  30,000  soldiers  who  idolized  Fremont  for 
his  bravery  and  energetic  action.  Such  an  effect  did  it  produce  on  the 
soldiers  that  for  a  long  time  trouble  was  anticipated,  but  Fremont  allayed 
the  excitement  by  telling  them  obedience  was  the  first  duty  of  a  soldier. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  if  at  this  critical  juncture  he  had  been  the  am 
bitious  demagogue,  as  Blair  &  Co.  asserted,  Fremont  could  have  had 
the  soldiers  of  his  department  easily  arrayed  against  the  government, 
but  such  a  vile  and  base  idea  never  entered  his  head,  and  would  not 
enter  the  head  of  any  true  patriot. 

Fremont,  after  giving  up  his  command,  made  arrangements  to  return 
with  his  celebrated  body  guard  to  St.  Louis.  Here  we  must  pay  a 
tribute  to  one  of  the  most  brilliant  acts  thus  far  of  the  War,  and  it  is 
doubtful  if  it  will  be  equaled,  exceled  it  can  not,  for  courage  and  bravery. 
It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  we  now  refer  to  Maj.  Zangonyi's  at 
tack  with  his  fearless  400  men,  on  2,000  infantry  and  400  cavalry  of  the 
enemy,  and  their  utter  dispersion,  and  taking  of  Springfield.  This  cele 
brated  charge,  taking  it  in  all  its  relations,  is  without  a  parellel  in  its 
execution  and  effects.  Great  as  was  the  charge  at  Balaklava,  this  is 
equal  to  it  in  courage  and  fearless  bravery,  but  had  more  obstacles  to 
overcome  before  the  enemy  could  be  approached.  At  Balaklava,  a  fair 
open  field  laid  before  the  brave  English  soldier,  but  at  Springfield,  the 
brave  400  men  was  impeded  in  their  glorious  march,  by  fences,  houses 


8 

and  other  obstacles  which  cut  them  up  into  gangs  of  men,  instead  ot 
approaching  in  one  solid  phalanx.  Serious  as  this  breaking  up  was,  and 
a  soldier  knows  its  main  results  only,  yet  this  brave,  despised  and  ma 
ligned  Fremont  Body  Guard,  showed  they  were  worthy  of  the  renown 
of  their  commander  by  cutting  their  way  through  2400  soldiers.  More 
than  one-half  was  killed  and  wounded  of  this  brave  band  of  men,  and 
there  fell  victims  to  the  malignity  of  Blair  &  Co.!  Shame  on  such  men! 
surely  when  they  read  of  the  doings  of  the  100  days  of  Fremont  and 
his  soldiers  their  cheeks  must  burn  with  shame.  But  to  proceed.  Fre 
mont  and  his  brave  and  immortal  body  guard  arrived  at  St.  Louis  chafed 
and  cowered  down  through  the  persecutions  of  their  enemies;  orders 
came  that  this  brave  body  guard  should  be  disbanded,  they  were  thrown 
strange  as  it  may  seem  ap  parently  among  Union  men,  without  pay,  cast 
as  it  were  on  a  desolate  world  and  pointed  at  by  the  finger  of  scorn  be 
cause  they  were  Fremont's  Body  Guard;  and  all  this  they  suffered  after 
one  of  the  most  brilliant  cavalry  charges  on  record!!  Ingratitude  how 
cold,  how  cruel!  in  the  language  of  the  Bard  of  Avon: 

"  Blow,  blow,  thou  winter  wind, 
Thou  art  not  so  unkind 
As  man's  ingratitude. 
Thy  tooth  is  not  so  keen, 
Because  thou  art  not  seen, 
Although  thy  breath  be  rude." 

All  that  is  now  left  of  this  brave  body  of  men  is  their  fame,  which 
will  never  die. 

Fremont  at  this  time  had  much  to  arrange;  in  the  meantime  his  gal 
lant  army  returned  with  Gen-  Hunter  to  Rollo,  and  left  all  the  country 
between  there  and  Springfield,  which  was  shortly  overrun  again  by  the 
hordes  of  Price.  It  is  here  necessary  to  state  the  precise  condition  of 
Fremont's  army,  when  he  was  recalled.  Fremont  by  his  military 
genius  pressed  Price  into  a  corner  in  Cass  county,  and  he  had  him  in  a 
triangle  from  which  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  escape  without  a  fight, 
and  which  would  have  ended  the  prowling  in  Missouri.  In  the  mean 
time  Fremont  sent  Gen.  Smith  to  occupy  Paducah,  and  the  whole  of  the 
Cumberland  and  Tennessee  rivers  came  within  his  plans.  After  a  short 
period  Gen.  Halleck  took  the  command  from  Gen.  Hunter,  he  being 
transferred  to  the  Department  of  Kansas. 

Gen.  Fremont  before  he  was  ordered  to  Washington  showed  Gen. 
Halleck  his  plans,and  the  sequel  will  prove — nay  it  now  proves — that  Gen. 
Halleck  is  only  carrying  out  what  Fremont  originated.  Gen.  Fremont 
left  St.  Louis  for  Washington,  and  so  great  was  the  joy  at  his  passing 
through  the  various  cities  that  great  preparations  were  made  to  honor 


him — Cincinnati  and  New  York  especially  had  made  splendid  arrange 
ments,  but  as  Blair  &  Co.,  called  him  an  ambitious  demagogue — mark 
how  he  acted.  He  sent  word  in  advance  that  he  desired  his  friends  not 
to  make  any  display — he  was  now  accused  of  mismanagement  and  other 
things — let  all  rest  for  awhile — he  was  now  going  to  Washington  where 
the  matter  would  be  properly  investigated  and  he  was  ready  to  wait  for 
the  result — yes 

"  Innocence  shall  make 
False  accusation  blush,  and  tyranny 
Tremble  at  patience." 

Truly  no  patriot  of  any  age  ever  showed  more  self-abnegation  than  Fre 
mont  did  in  this  instance.  We  have  now  arrived  at  a  period  when  we 
can  take  a1*  retrospect  of  what  Gen.  Halleck  has  done  and  what  he  is 
now  doing.  After  Gen.  Halleck  had  become  initiated  into  the  depart 
ment — he  ordered  Gen.  Curtis  with  several  divisions  to  again  march  on 
to  Springfield  and  go  over  the  same  ground  and  attack  Price  in  the  same 
place  as  Fremont  intended  four  months  before,  whom  Blair  &  Co.  and 
Gen.  Thomas  caused  to  be  recalled  when  he  was  on  the  eve  of  striking  a 
successful  blow.  These  are  facts;  none  can  for  a  moment  doubt  the/we- 
sent  situation  of  Curtis  and  his  men  is  a  confirmation  of  Fremont's 
wisdom  and  foresight. 

These  plans,  it  must  be  remembered,  were  made  when  Gen.  Scott 
was  Commander-in-Chief,  they  must  have  met  his  approval  it  is  but  fair 
to  conclude;  when  Scott  resigned  and  McClellan  took  command,  these 
very  same  plans  must  have  met  his  approbation  or  Gen.  Halleck  would 
not  have  carried  them  out.  The  ordering  of  Gen.  Smith  to  occupy 
Paducah,  was  also  done  before  Gen.  McClellan  took  chief  command, 
and  Fremont  satisfied  the  Committee  of  Investigation,  the  other  day, 
that  his  plans  were  six  months  ago,  what  are  now  being  carried  out  by 
Generals  Buell  and  Halleck,  in  taking  Nashville  and  Memphis.  So  sat 
isfied  was  the  Committee  of  this,  that  the  newspapers  told  us  a  week 
ago  that  thp  Committee,  of  whom  Senator  Ben.  Wade  cf  Ohio,  was  one, 
that  the  plans  which  were  now  being  carried  out,  were  originally  Fre 
mont's,  that  they  considered  he  ought  to  be  placed  in  command  of  the 
Potomac.  Secretary  Stanton  told  the  Committee  that  he  should  be 
placed  in  a  fighting  position.  Thus  far  the  military  strategy  and  fore 
sight  of  Fremont  has  been  confirmed  by  Generals  Scott,  McClellan, 
Halleck  and  Buell,  and  is  now  being  developed  to  the  satisfaction  of  all 
Union  men,  in  recently  taking  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  and  will  be 
more  developed  in  a  few  days  at  Nashville  and  Memphis. 


10 


PUBLIC  POLICY. 

We  have  but  a  few  words  to  say  on  his  Public  Policy.  The  Procla 
mation  which  Fremont  issued  out  when  he  first  took  the  command  in 
St.  Louis,  in  relation  to  Slaves,  was,  it  must  be  confessed,  in  advance  of 
the  Law  at  that  time,  and  which  President  Lincoln  ordered  to  be  modi 
fied.  But  the  action  taken  in  the  present  Congress  goes  even  further 
than  Fremont  desired  in  his  proclamation,  and  as  such,  is  only  a  proof 
that  he  was  as  far  in  advance  in  his  views  of  Public  Policy  as  he  was 
correct  in  his  military  strategy. 

The  development  of  the  progress  of  the  age  and  the  exigencies  which 
this  atrocious  Rebellion  is  bringing  out  will  before  many  months  elapse, 
so  mould  public  opinion  that  the  course  which  Gen.  Fremont  would 
pursue  if  he  was  able,  would  meet  with  a  ready  assent  from  millions  of 
his  countrymen. 

President  Lincoln  could  not  reflect  higher  credit  upon  himself  by  any 
one  act  than  by  placing  Fremont  at  the  head  of  the  Union  Forces,  he 
would  further  do  honor  to  the  Nation  by  his  military  strategy  and  fore 
sight  in  Public  Policy. 


